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UPSC 2024 Maths Optional Paper 1 Q7c — Step-by-Step Solution

20 marks · Section B

Stokes' theorem · Vector Analysis · asked 10× in 13 yrs · Read the full method →

Question

State Stokes’ theorem and verify it for F=xyi^+yzj^+zxk^\vec F=xy\hat i+yz\hat j+zx\hat k over the surface SS, which is the upwardly oriented part of the cylinder z=1x2z=1-x^2, for 0x10\le x\le 1, 2y2-2\le y\le 2.

Technique

Direct computation of both sides; use n^dS=(gx,gy,1)dxdy\hat n\,dS=(-g_x,-g_y,1)\,dx\,dy for the upward orientation; exploit yy-symmetry to kill odd integrals.

Solution

Stokes’ Theorem

Let SS be a piecewise-smooth oriented surface with boundary C=SC=\partial S traversed with induced orientation, and F\vec F a C1C^1 vector field. Then

CFdr=S(×F)n^dS.\oint_{C}\vec F\cdot d\vec r=\iint_S(\nabla\times\vec F)\cdot\hat n\,dS.

Setup

The surface S is the parabolic cylinder z=1-x^2 over 0\le x\le1, -2\le y\le2 (blue ruling lines), oriented with upward normal \hat n. Its boundary \partial S=C_1\cup C_2\cup C_3\cup C_4 is the four highlighted edges, traversed counter-clockwise as seen from above (right-hand rule): C_1 at y=-2, C_2 at x=1, C_3 at y=2, C_4 at x=0. Getting this induced orientation right is the crux of the line-integral side.

SS is parameterised by (x,y)(x,y) over D=[0,1]×[2,2]D=[0,1]\times[-2,2], with z=g(x,y)=1x2z=g(x,y)=1-x^2. Upward normal element: n^dS=(gx,gy,1)dxdy=(2x,0,1)dxdy\hat n\,dS=(-g_x,-g_y,1)\,dx\,dy=(2x,0,1)\,dx\,dy.

The boundary CC consists of four pieces traversed counter-clockwise from above:

PieceParametrisationRange
C1C_1r=(x,2,1x2)\vec r=(x,-2,1-x^2)x:01x:0\to 1
C2C_2r=(1,y,0)\vec r=(1,y,0)y:22y:-2\to 2
C3C_3r=(x,2,1x2)\vec r=(x,2,1-x^2)x:10x:1\to 0
C4C_4r=(0,y,1)\vec r=(0,y,1)y:22y:2\to -2

LHS — CFdr\oint_C\vec F\cdot d\vec r

C1C_1: dr=(1,0,2x)dxd\vec r=(1,0,-2x)\,dx, F=(2x,2(1x2),x(1x2))\vec F=(-2x,-2(1-x^2),x(1-x^2)).

01(2x2x2(1x2)(2x))  =  01(2x2x2+2x4)dx=123+25=1915.\int_0^1(-2x-2x^2(1-x^2)(-2x))\cdots\;=\;\int_0^1(-2x-2x^2+2x^4)\,dx=-1-\tfrac{2}{3}+\tfrac{2}{5}=-\tfrac{19}{15}.

Actually computing Fdr=(2x)(1)+(0)+x(1x2)(2x)=2x2x2+2x4\vec F\cdot d\vec r=(-2x)(1)+(0)+x(1-x^2)(-2x)=-2x-2x^2+2x^4:

01(2x2x2+2x4)dx=[x22x33+2x55]01=123+25=1915.\int_0^1(-2x-2x^2+2x^4)\,dx=[-x^2-\tfrac{2x^3}{3}+\tfrac{2x^5}{5}]_0^1=-1-\tfrac{2}{3}+\tfrac{2}{5}=-\tfrac{19}{15}.

C2C_2: dr=(0,1,0)dyd\vec r=(0,1,0)\,dy, Fdr=y0=0\vec F\cdot d\vec r=y\cdot 0=0. Integral =0=0.

C3C_3: dr=(1,0,2x)dxd\vec r=(1,0,-2x)\,dx, x:10x:1\to 0, F=(2x,2(1x2),x(1x2))\vec F=(2x,2(1-x^2),x(1-x^2)). Fdr=2x+x(1x2)(2x)=2x2x2+2x4\vec F\cdot d\vec r=2x+x(1-x^2)(-2x)=2x-2x^2+2x^4.

10(2x2x2+2x4)dx=01(2x2x2+2x4)dx=(123+25)=1115.\int_1^0(2x-2x^2+2x^4)\,dx=-\int_0^1(2x-2x^2+2x^4)\,dx=-(1-\tfrac{2}{3}+\tfrac{2}{5})=-\tfrac{11}{15}.

C4C_4: dr=(0,1,0)dyd\vec r=(0,1,0)\,dy, y:22y:2\to -2, Fdr=y\vec F\cdot d\vec r=y. 22ydy=0\int_2^{-2}y\,dy=0.

Total: 1915+01115+0=2-\tfrac{19}{15}+0-\tfrac{11}{15}+0=-2.

RHS — S(×F)n^dS\iint_S(\nabla\times\vec F)\cdot\hat n\,dS

×F=(y,z,x).\nabla\times\vec F=(-y,-z,-x). (×F)n^dS=(y)(2x)+(z)(0)+(x)(1)dxdy=(2xyx)dxdy.(\nabla\times\vec F)\cdot\hat n\,dS=(-y)(2x)+(-z)(0)+(-x)(1)\,dx\,dy=(-2xy-x)\,dx\,dy. 01 ⁣ ⁣22(2xyx)dydx.\int_0^1\!\!\int_{-2}^{2}(-2xy-x)\,dy\,dx.

Inner: 222xydy=0\int_{-2}^{2}-2xy\,dy=0 (odd in yy); 22xdy=4x\int_{-2}^{2}-x\,dy=-4x. So inner =4x=-4x.

014xdx=2.\int_0^1-4x\,dx=-2.

Both sides equal 2-2: Stokes’ theorem is verified.

Answer

  CFdr=S(×F)n^dS=2.  \boxed{\;\oint_C\vec F\cdot d\vec r=\iint_S(\nabla\times\vec F)\cdot\hat n\,dS=-2.\;}
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